Understanding Federal Charges:

A Practical Guide by Ronald W. Chapman II

Facing a federal criminal case is daunting. I wrote this guide to give you a clear map—what makes a case federal, how the process unfolds, where the government’s leverage really lies, and how an aggressive, informed defense changes outcomes. I’ll link to primary sources (the rules, statutes, and agencies themselves) and to my own deep-dive pages so you can read further.

What Makes a Crime a Federal Offense?

A case becomes federal when it violates a law passed by Congress, occurs on federal property, or crosses state lines or implicates federal interests. Typical examples include drug trafficking, mail or wire fraud, bank fraud, tax offenses, and healthcare fraud. Investigations are handled by agencies like the FBI, DEA (Diversion Control), IRS–Criminal Investigation, and Homeland Security Investigations, and prosecutions are brought by the U.S. Attorney’s Office.

Federal vs. State Charges

Federal cases often carry stiffer penalties and use procedures that differ from state court. For felonies, a grand jury generally must return an indictment under Rule 6 and Rule 7. The same conduct can sometimes be charged by state and federal authorities under the “dual sovereignty” doctrine—see Gamble v. United States (2019). Bottom line: the federal system has its own playbook, pace, and stakes.

The Federal Criminal Process—At a Glance

Investigation: agencies gather evidence—often for months. You may learn you’re on the radar via a target letter, subpoena, or a search warrant.

Indictment: prosecutors present evidence to a grand jury. If probable cause exists, a formal indictment issues.
Arrest & Initial Appearance: a magistrate judge advises you of charges and addresses release.

Bail/Detention: under the Bail Reform Act, the court weighs risk of flight and danger.

Arraignment: you enter a plea (virtually always “not guilty” early) and the court sets a schedule.

Pretrial: discovery (Rule 16), motions (to suppress, to dismiss), and negotiations.

Trial: the government must prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Verdict & Sentencing: judges consult the Federal Sentencing Guidelines and 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors before imposing sentence.

Why Federal Charges Are Serious

Congress has imposed mandatory minimums in some statutes; even without them, guideline ranges can be severe. Parole was abolished for federal offenses committed after November 1, 1987—there is no traditional parole; see the Department of Justice overview here, and the Sentencing Commission’s Federal Sentencing: The Basics. In other words, the time you’re given is largely the time you serve.

Choosing the Right Defense Attorney

Federal defense is a different sport. You want counsel who lives in federal court and understands the investigatory tools, charging theories, discovery battles, and sentencing math. My practice is devoted to federal cases—especially health care fraud, white-collar, and complex conspiracies—and my team prepares each matter as if it will be tried.

A Proven Track Record—Selected Results

Here are a few examples of my results:

Detroit physicians acquitted in an alleged $454–$500M health care fraud prosecution
Dr. Lesly Pompy—acquitted of all 38 counts
Dr. Loey Kousa—full acquittal on all federal charges

To see more: Federal Trial Results and the Results archive.

These outcomes don’t happen by accident—they’re built through disciplined investigation, motion practice, and trial work.

Take Action Early

If you even suspect an investigation, act now. Early missteps—like “just explaining things” to agents—can create Exhibit A for the prosecution. Instead, let us control communications, secure and review evidence, and shape the story before the government writes it.

Contact me for a confidential strategy session.

Pre‑Indictment Investigations: What to Know

Investigations often start quietly: subpoenas to businesses, interviews of colleagues, surveillance, and search warrants. Red flags include a target letter, grand jury subpoena, a raid, or agents contacting people around you. See my pages on Target Letters, Grand Jury, and Arraignment & Pretrial Detention.

Do’s and Don’ts During an Investigation

DO: call an experienced federal lawyer; keep a contact log; preserve documents.

DON’T: destroy or hide evidence; coach witnesses; or “clear things up” with agents without counsel. Target letters are serious—DOJ guidance is here.

How Counsel Helps Before Charges

We communicate with the AUSA, assess your posture (witness, subject, or target), and, when strategic, present exculpatory facts or legal arguments to head off charges. We challenge overbroad subpoenas and search warrants, prepare you to testify if compelled, and begin building a defense record that pays dividends later.

My Pre‑Indictment Advantage

Because I’ve handled these matters across the country, I anticipate what agents and prosecutors will do next—and I work to close doors before they open. On several occasions, early intervention has meant no indictment at all. Explore my Guide and Table of Contents to see how we approach each stage.

The Federal Grand Jury Process

A grand jury (16–23 citizens) investigates and votes on indictments; proceedings are secret. Start with Rule 6 (Grand Jury) and DOJ policy JM 9‑11.000. Grand jurors hear only the prosecution’s side; the standard is probable cause—not proof beyond a reasonable doubt.

Target, Subject, or Witness

These labels describe your risk level and can change quickly. If you receive a target letter, assume an indictment is being considered and get counsel immediately.

Your Rights in the Grand Jury

You can consult your lawyer outside the room; you may invoke the Fifth; prosecutors can seek immunity to compel testimony. You do not present your own evidence in the grand jury—that fight comes later in court.

Indicted? Here’s What’s Next

An indictment is an accusation, not a conviction. The court will address release under the Bail Reform Act. Follow conditions to the letter. With your lawyer, dissect the indictment’s elements and timeline, then target motions and defenses.

Building the Defense

Pretrial motions can redefine the case: suppression (if searches or statements violated the Constitution), or dismissal under Rule 48 by the government or for legal defects. Discovery follows Rule 16. We also develop themes and mitigation in parallel so sentencing options improve even as we prepare for trial.

Federal Sentencing Guidelines—Plain English

The Guidelines Manual assigns an offense level, adjusted by specific factors and criminal history, to produce a range. Since Booker, the guidelines are advisory, but judges start there and then apply the § 3553(a) factors. Relief from certain mandatory minimums exists (e.g., the Safety Valve). See my overview: Federal Sentencing.

Working the Numbers (Example)

In a mid‑level fraud case, loss, victim count, role, and obstruction can raise the offense level, while acceptance of responsibility lowers it. Every level matters; we scrutinize the PSR, litigate guideline disputes, and present mitigation under § 3553(a).

Getting Charges Dismissed Before Trial

Dismissals are tough because prosecutors screen cases carefully, but they happen. Common routes: suppression that guts the evidence; statute‑of‑limitations issues; defective indictments; and DOJ dismissal under Rule 48(a). We pressure‑test the case early and relentlessly. In some case we are able to get dismissal for example, the day I’m writing this I recieved dismissal of 13 counts charged against a Memphis Physician.

Read More / Internal Deep Dives

Federal Indictments | Inside the Federal Grand Jury | Arraignment & Pretrial Detention | Bail in Federal Court | Federal Sentencing | Cooperation & Proffer Agreements | RICO Charges | Healthcare Fraud Defense | Federal Crimes | Results | Contact

You don’t need to face the federal government alone.

If you or a loved one are under investigation or indicted, contact me and let’s build the plan now.

(Last updated 2025-10-19)